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肉牛养殖降本增效技术指导意见

2024-07-03 09:26:50 来源：国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系 阅读量：11699 评论

导读：农业农村部畜牧兽医局组织国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系总结了地方提高肉牛综合生产能力的有效做法，形成如下技术指导建议，供广大养殖场户参考。

　　【农机网 科技创新】 今年以来，肉牛价格持续低迷，养殖场户普遍亏损。为帮助广大养殖场户降本增效，稳定基础产能，农业农村部畜牧兽医局组织国家肉牛牦牛产业技术体系总结了地方提高肉牛综合生产能力的有效做法，形成如下技术指导建议，供广大养殖场户参考。
 
　　一、科学选种用种，提高种质效益
 
　　目前国内肉牛市场对牛种大致有“增重型”与“肉质型”两个需求方向。选种时，除了考虑饲料转化率、抗病能力、生长速度、育肥效果以及环境适应性等因素外，需要结合不同生产和经营目的科学选种。
 
　　“增重型”品种有西门塔尔、夏洛来、利木赞牛等引进品种及其杂交牛，以及国内培育的夏南牛、云岭牛、华西牛等及其杂交牛。“肉质型”品种有和牛、安格斯等引进品种及其杂交牛，以及我国本地黄牛及其与“肉质型”品种的杂交牛。
 
　　针对不同市场需求，一般采取纯种或品种间杂交等技术手段，配套科学养殖生产技术，将所选品种的优势或杂交优势最大限度发挥出来。同时，以市场为导向制定生产和经营计划，调整牛种和牛群结构，适当淘汰老龄低产母牛，有条件的养殖场户可补充优质母牛，增优去劣，量身定制自身特色的选种用种策略和技术方案。
 
　　二、科学利用饲料资源，降低饲养成本
 
　　“就地、就近”采购存储饲草料原料和因地制宜放牧补饲，是降低饲养成本的基础。根据品种和生产目标科学设计日粮，并适时调整饲料配方和饲喂量，采取差异化饲喂，节约饲养成本。
 
　　利用廉价且营养含量较高的原料包括各种酒糟、酱油醋糟、果渣等糟渣类和农产品加工等副产品，以及提高玉米全株青贮质量，可以节约能量饲料用量。低值粗饲料可通过揉搓、切短、发酵等方式提高适口性和利用率。
 
　　具有饲料配方设计和加工调制能力的生产主体，可采用瘤胃降解蛋白/过瘤胃蛋白比(RDP/RUP)和能氮平衡的日粮配方技术，采用全混合日粮(TMR)饲喂，提高饲料转化利用效率。母牛带犊饲养养殖场户，要注重提高犊牛成活率，降低饲料和人工成本，可采取犊牛栏与母牛栏隔开，犊?？勺杂沙鋈?，便于犊牛哺乳和采食专用饲料。
 
　　三、加强疫病预防与治疗，保障牛群健康
 
　　加强布鲁氏菌病等人畜共患病的防控和净化，尤其在种牛场和核心育种场有效开展牛布鲁氏菌病和结核病的净化。制定科学合理的免疫程序，对口蹄疫、牛结节性皮肤病、牛流行热、牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛病毒性腹泻、梭菌病、牛巴氏杆菌病等实施有效的免疫预防。针对牛呼吸疾病综合征和犊牛腹泻等多病原混合感染的常发病，通过早诊断和早治疗以提高疗效?；谙募炯纳娌《喾⑻氐悖ㄆ诳乖し佬院椭瘟菩郧?，以防止内、外寄生虫传播。
 
　　建立完善的生物安全体系，保持牛舍清洁干燥，通过隔离、消毒和废弃物无害化处理等措施，有效阻断病原体输入和场内传播。通过调整日粮配方、预防性用药或添加益生菌、饲喂抗应激饲料等，落实好运输、分娩、断奶、转群等环节的抗应激措施。南方地区做好防暑降温工作，不喂霉变劣质饲料，预防瘤胃酸中毒。
 
　　四、优化生产工艺，提升养殖效率
 
　　优化体况评定、发情监测、妊检、母牛带犊等技术，提高母牛受胎率和产犊率，降低繁育成本。采用新生犊牛培育技术，降低犊牛死淘率。
 
　　加强极端气候条件下的环境调控，降低冷热应激效应。夏季高温条件下，应确保提供充足的清洁饮水，调整饲喂时间至早晨和晚上，避开中午的高温时段，并定期清理饲槽以防止饲料变质，避免引发消化系统问题。针对围栏牛舍可采用网帘遮阳等技术，对开放及半开放牛舍应加强自然通风，有条件的可采用机械通风或喷淋等方式辅助降温。湿热多雨地区的牛舍屋檐高度不低于4m，屋檐加装板材平延牛床外1.5m，可遮阳和预防潲雨。寒冷环境下应防风保温，可采用防风墙御寒、保温加热恒温饮水(20℃温水)、铺设厚垫草等技术措施。
 
　　粪污按照土地承载能力和条件，最好就地就近直接堆肥还田，实施种养结合。根据资源禀赋，生产特色有机肥料；结合养殖工艺，推进牛粪垫料化、燃料化利用。

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