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粮食保安全 “良技”来助力 | 浙江省农科院这7项旱粮主推技术速来get～

2022-05-02 08:57:50 来源：浙江省农科院 阅读量：18074 评论

导读：随着人们生活水平提高和饮食结构变化，旱粮的种植效益显著，鲜食化、加工化和特色化发展方面明显。提高栽培管理技术，依靠科技提高单产与效益是旱粮发展的重点。

　　【农机网 科技创新】旱粮是浙江省保障粮食安全的重要组成部分，在农业增效、农民增收中起着较大作用。同时，随着人们生活水平提高和饮食结构变化，旱粮的种植效益显著，鲜食化、加工化和特色化发展方面明显。提高栽培管理技术，依靠科技提高单产与效益是旱粮发展的重点。
 
　　省农科院的这7项旱粮主推技术快收好！
 
　　大小麦全程机械化生产技术
 
　　技术要点
 
　　生长期管理采用无人机等除草、追肥和病虫害防治，提高管理的时效性。联合收割机适时快速收获、烘干机快速烘干，防止种子发芽霉变，确保增产增收。
 
　　特色优势
 
　　大小麦种植采用全程机械化，从前茬作物秸秆粉碎还田、整地开沟、施肥、播种均采用机械化，有效缩短了播种和前茬作物收获之间的空茬，保证了农时。
 
　　推广成效
 
　　该项技术近年来已在杭嘉湖、宁绍地区大面积推广应用，一般每亩增产10%左右，种植效益增加15-20%，增产增效显著。2021年全省推广应用面积115.7万亩。
 
　　实操要点
 
　　畦宽应与联合收割机和播种机作业幅宽相符。视天气和土壤墒情抢耕、抢种，避免多雨天气田块湿烂不能及时播种。直播机作业时，应检查排种器是否堵塞，避免漏播。对于稻草还田量较大的田块应加大播种量，保证基本苗。小麦生长后期注意防治蚜虫、赤霉病、白粉病等病虫害。

 

　　糯玉米机械播种高效栽培技术
  
　　技术要点
 
　　针对糯玉米机械化程度低、用工量大、劳动力成本高等问题，采用部分机械化操作以减少劳动成本，提高效益，促进糯玉米产业发展。
 
　　特色优势
 
　　本技术以机械化播种为特点，在浙江省春秋两季均可全面示范推广。
 
　　实操要点
 
　　种前旋耕整地，对土壤前茬和杂草进行翻耕处理，可增加土壤有机质含量，并可使耕作层土壤疏松，增加土壤通透性，可显著提高作物产量。机械播种要选择发芽率大于95%、籽粒大小基本一致的种子。
 

 

　　甘薯微型薯叠盘催芽提早育苗技术
  
　　技术要点
 
　　甘薯微型薯具有种薯个头小，单位重量出苗多，种薯用量少的优点。微型薯可以放置在适当的容器里，在室内人工高温环境下叠盘暗催芽，出苗后移入大棚培育壮苗。
 
　　特色优势
 
　　可比常规大棚育苗提早采苗高峰1个月左右，满足我省迷你甘薯双季栽培第一季的供苗需求。
 
　　推广成效
 
　　该项技术已在诸暨等地示范，成效显著。减少从浙江以南地区调运种苗带来的茎腐病、小象甲等检疫性病害的传播。
 
　　实操要点
 
　　催芽温度不宜超过28℃，温度过高，容易形成高脚苗。催芽后炼苗应注意低温危害，在零度以下气温需多层覆盖或晚上小拱棚上覆盖土工布，在连续低温寡照时，应注意防治真菌病害，白天适时通风降湿。
 

 

　　甘薯大垄稀植机械化轻简技术
  
　　技术要点
 
　　针对我省土壤特点和甘薯产业需求，研发示范的甘薯大垄稀植机械化轻简技术，既适合加工型大薯，又适合鲜食小番薯。
 
　　特色优势
 
　　我省丘陵山地土壤粘性重、甘薯栽培机械化程度低、劳动力成本高，制约了甘薯产业效益的提升。该技术可大幅度降低劳力成本。
 
　　推广成效
 
　　已在衢江、江山、诸暨等地示范，成效明显。
 
　　实操要点
 
　　浙薯13等长蔓型品种，宜大垄单行稀植，株距30-40厘米，亩栽1600-2200株，比常规密度低三分之一左右。扦插时采用25-30厘米健壮薯苗，采用直插法，入土节位3-4个。心香、浙薯33等短蔓品种。宜大垄双行稀植，株距30-40厘米，双行交叉种植，亩栽3200-4400株，较常规小番薯密度低四分之一。扦插时选用40厘米左右较长薯苗，入土10-15厘米，易旱山地采用“船底”型，“U”型扦插法，入土部分“U”型弯曲直插入土；平原水分充足田块可采用水平扦插法；确保入土节位在5-7个或更多。
 

       秋冬季设施马铃薯高效生产技术
 
　　技术要点
 
　　选用地方品种“小黄皮”(米拉)、浙薯956等黄皮黄肉、薯型圆的高产品种。用本省春季收获的无病虫害的整个小薯(10-30克/个)作为种薯，低温(3-6℃)冷藏越夏。适宜播种期为10月初至10月底，可选择蔬菜、瓜果收获后空闲大棚或葡萄大棚、播种时保留或不保留大棚顶膜均可。一般齐苗后60天后，元旦—春季期间视市场行情收获。
 
　　特色优势
 
　　利用大棚设施秋冬季空闲时种植马铃薯，元旦至春季期间上市，价格高、效益好。
 
　　推广成效
 
　　相关技术已在嘉兴、绍兴、金华等地示范，对保障粮食安全，提高大棚设施利用率，提高农民收入都具有积极意义。
 
　　实操要点
 
　　设施内播种前应确保土壤墒情足够，避免播后灌水或浇水，造成土壤闭塞、板结而烂种；避免霜前过早扣棚，茎叶由于高温高湿而徒长，抗冻减弱；根据气温变化及时增加保温措施和通风透气。

 

　　鲜食春大豆绿色高产增效栽培技术
 
　　技术要点
 
　　晚稻收割后，秸秆粉碎全量还田，年前采用旋耕机全田翻耕，确保秸秆入土。合理施用有机肥和化肥确保养分供应。清理沟渠，保持排灌畅通。当全株上下各部85%以上的豆荚鼓粒饱满时，及时采收。
 
　　特色优势
 
　　利用水旱轮作、稻田秸秆粉碎还田、旋耕开沟直播。选用优质抗病品种、扩行距缩株距合理密植和增施菌肥等绿色高产增效栽培技术。
 
　　推广成效
 
　　该技术连续3年在嘉兴南湖区试点示范推广，鲜食大豆亩产达1000公斤。
 
　　实操要点
 
　　注意肥料和农药的合理使用。大豆开花期不应施生物菌肥。生物菌肥不应与杀菌类农药同时使用。施用化学农药的安全间隔期应至少为7天。
 

      鲜食蚕豆促早栽培技术
 
　　技术要点
 
　　选用优质早熟高产品种‘浙蚕1号’等，比常规品种提早3-5天，鲜籽粒深绿色、口感鲜甜，商品性好，产量高的品种。定植后5-6片叶时主枝摘心，待有8-10个侧枝发生后，选留6-8个粗壮的枝条，其余剪除。
 
　　特色优势
 
　　运用春化技术、地膜覆盖或大棚设施等单一或综合技术措施促进蚕豆提早开花结实的一种栽培方法。该技术可提早鲜食蚕豆上市时间，提升种植效益。2018以来4次列入省主推技术。
 
　　实操要点
 
　　种植密度应随着种植时间提早适当降低，一般露地种植1800-2000株/亩，大棚每亩种植1000-1200株苗。防止植株徒长?？墒实迸缡┲参锷さ鹘诩量刂朴?。
 

 

　　供稿 | 作物与核技术利用研究所、玉米与特色旱粮研究所、成果转化推广部
 
　　编辑 | 陈路漫、王夏君
 
　　责编 | 江英华
 
　　审核 | 胡高洁

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