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事关十四亿国人吃饭问题：如何实行耕地?；?？

2020-12-07 17:30:06 来源：农机网原创 作者：林言 阅读量：55821 评论

导读： “中国人时刻要把饭碗牢牢端在自己手里”，对十四亿人口来说，粮食安全是头等大事。而耕地则是国家粮食安全的生命线，没有耕地就没有自己的粮食，粮食安全便无从谈起。

　　【农机网 编辑视角】 “中国人时刻要把饭碗牢牢端在自己手里”，对十四亿人口来说，粮食安全是头等大事。而耕地则是国家粮食安全的生命线，没有耕地就没有自己的粮食，粮食安全便无从谈起。
 
　　国家高度重视耕地?；ず陀行Ю?，坚决实行严格的耕地?；ぶ贫?，出台各项政策确保耕地安全。多年来国家坚持藏粮于地，严格耕地?；?，划定了9亿亩粮食生产功能区，建设了8亿亩旱涝保收、稳产高产的高标准农田，这足以保障我国小麦和水稻两大口粮安全。然而，耕地?；な笨滩荒芊潘?，没有耕地就没有粮食安全。
 

　　防止耕地“非粮化”
 
　　近些年，我国农业结构不断优化、粮食生产连年丰收的同时，部分地区出现了耕地“非粮化”倾向，一些地方把农业结构调整简单理解为压减粮食生产，一些经营主体违规在基本农田上种树挖塘，一些工商资本大规模流转耕地改种非粮作物等，这些问题如果任其发展，将影响我国的粮食安全。
 
　　对此，11月4日，国务院办公厅印发了《关于防止耕地“非粮化”稳定粮食生产的意见》(国办发〔2020〕44号)，明确必须坚持把确保国家粮食安全作为“三农”工作的首要任务，以稳定国内粮食生产来应对形势变化带来的不确定性，将有限的耕地资源优先用于粮食生产，采取有力措施防止耕地“非粮化”，着力稳政策、稳面积、稳产量，牢牢守住国家粮食安全的生命线。
 
　　文件明确提出，加强对种粮主体的政策激励，支持家庭农场、农民合作社发展粮食适度规模经营，大力推进代耕代种、统防统治、土地托管等农业生产社会化服务，提高种粮规模效益。完善小麦稻谷低收购价政策，继续实施稻谷补贴和玉米大豆生产者补贴，继续推进三大粮食作物完全成本保险和收入保险试点。积极开展粮食生产薄弱环节机械化技术试验示范，着力解决水稻机插、玉米籽?；盏绕烤蔽侍猓涌烨鹆晟角┨镆嘶脑?。支持建设粮食产后烘干、加工设施，延长产业链条，提高粮食经营效益。
 
　　我国粮食产量实现连年丰收离不开多年来国家对耕地的严格?；?，在防治耕地“非粮化”的同时，提高土地产出、确保农民种粮积极性也是*的。
 
　　适度规模经营
 
　　现代农业离不开规模经营，要将土地大化利用就要慢慢撇弃当前“一亩三分地”的小农户经营状况。近年来，国家积极推动家庭农场培育发展、土地有序流转和适度规模经营。
 
　　大力培育新型经营主体：2019年，经国务院同意，中央农办、农业农村部等11部门印发了《关于实施家庭农场培育计划的指导意见》(中农发〔2019〕16号)，提出实施家庭农场培育计划，加快培育出一批规模适度、生产集约、管理先进、效益明显的家庭农场。2020年3月，农业农村部印发《新型农业经营主体和服务主体高质量发展规划(2020—2022年)》，引导新型农业经营主体有序发展。
 
　　鼓励适度规模经营：为落实《中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅关于引导农村土地经营权有序流转发展农业适度规模经营的意见》，2016年农业农村部印发了《农村土地经营权流转交易市场运行规范(试行)》，进一步明确了流转交易相关规程，规范市场运行机制，促进了土地流转的规范、平稳、有序发展。
 
　　加大政策支持力度，提高种粮积极性
 
　　当前城镇化发展速度越来越快，每年有千万人离开土地，从农村走向城市。现阶段要保障土地产出、避免抛荒弃耕等行为，提高农民种粮积极性是重要举措。多年来国家持续加大政策支持力度，从各方面对农业生产者给予补贴。
 
　　耕地力?；げ固菏紫仁俏榷甘臣鄹瘢?004年以来，国家放开了粮食收购市场和价格，粮食价格由市场形成。2008—2014年，国家按照“补偿生产成本、保障农民收益”的思路，连续7年提高粮食低收购价格，较好地?；づ┟裰至富?。2015年开始，国家发展改革委积极完善粮食低收购价政策，合理调整低收购价水平，更加有效地发挥市场机制作用，统筹运用价格和补贴等手段，?；づ┟窭?，稳定粮食生产发展；其次，国家采取多种措施对粮食生产给予更多补贴，提高农民粮食生产积极性。不同品种作物采取不同价格补贴政策，如小麦、水稻是生产者低收购价，玉米是生产者补贴，棉花是目标价格?；さ?。此外，中央财政全面推开农业“三项补贴”改革工作，2016年，将农作物良种补贴、种粮农民直接补贴和农资综合补贴并为耕地地力?；げ固?。据农业农村部数据，2020年安排补贴资金1204.85亿元。
 
　　加大农机补贴支持力度：针对耕地保护，2004年中央财政设立农机购置补贴专项，2017年开始对深松深翻整地、免耕播种、秸秆还田离田等机具实行敞开补贴；2018年，农业农村部、财政部联合印发了《2018—2020年农机购置补贴实施指导意见》，确保深松深翻整地、免耕播种、秸秆还田离田等机具应补尽补。另一方面则重点对深松整地和秸秆覆盖免(少)耕播种两个作业环节给予补贴。2016年，发布《全国农机深松整地作业实施规划(2016—2020年)》，2017年起通过国家农业生产发展资金设立农机深松整地作业补助专项，资金规模稳定在20亿元。

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