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一个具备可持续性的农机市场！保护性耕作机械潜力十足

2020-03-24 16:11:38 来源：农机网原创 作者：四夕 阅读量：54693 评论

导读：本期，农机网将围绕《东北黑土地保护性耕作国家行动计划(2020—2025年)》对提升保护性耕作装备能力的规划展开讨论，并介绍几类重要的保护性耕作机械。

　　【农机网 编辑视角】从这两年来相关政策文件的发布频率和指向看，保护性耕作无疑将会是今年农业领域热门焦点之一，而保护性耕作系列机具则将是由政府助力推进的一个具有可持续性的农机市场。日前，农机网已经在系列文章《春耕备耕热潮到来，保护性耕作这一可持续农业技术蔚然成风》、《保护性耕作被纳入到顶层设计，如何运用机械化手段？》中，简单介绍了保护性耕作这一可持续农业技术以及其机械化发展方向。
 
　　本期，农机网将围绕《东北黑土地保护性耕作国家行动计划(2020—2025年)》对提升保护性耕作装备能力的规划展开讨论，并介绍几类重要的保护性耕作机械。
 
　　提升保护性耕作装备能力
 
　　在农业农村部发布的《东北黑土地保护性耕作国家行动计划(2020—2025年)》中，已经明确指出要提升装备能力。
 
　　推进研发创新。引导科研单位、机械制造企业、材料工业企业集中优势力量，共建保护性耕作装备创新联盟和研发平台。开展高性能免耕播种机核心部件研发攻关，重点突破播种机切盘的金属材料及加工工艺、电控高速精量排种器的设计与制造等难题，加快产业化步伐。
 
　　完善标准体系。围绕保障保护性耕作关键机具产品质量、关键生产环节作业质量，抓紧制修订一批相关标准规范和操作规程。根据不同区域、作物特点，优化保护性耕作装备整体配置方案。
 
　　增加有效供给。鼓励免耕播种机等关键机具制造企业加快技术改造、扩大中产品生产能力。发挥农机购置补贴政策导向作用，引导农民购置秸秆还田机、高性能免耕播种机、精准施药机械、深松机械等保护性耕作机具。
 
　　主要保护性耕作机械
 
　　保护性耕作需求的主要系列机具：重点是免耕播种机，并且主要是牵引、重型免耕播种机，以两行机为主体；秸秆集行机、秸秆粉碎还田机、苗期深松机、条耕机、条旋机、联合整地机等机具。
 
　　◇免耕播种机
 
　　免耕播种机与机械式播种机相比，具有较强的技术性能优势。它可一次完成开沟、侧施肥、破茬、播种、培土、镇压等作业，广泛适用于玉米、大豆、高粱、甜菜等大中籽粒穴播作物的免耕播种作业。免耕播种可以保护土地，精量播种则可以提高播种精密度，保护种子质量。
 
　　◇秸秆粉碎还田机
 
　　秸秆还田不仅可以减少烧秸秆对环境的污染，还能增加土壤有机质，改良土壤结构，使土壤疏松，孔隙度增加，容量减轻，促进微生物活力和作物根系的发育，增强农作物抗旱能力。2015年以来，我国陆续出台政策，将秸秆粉碎还田直接免耕播种作为主要的解决路径。秸秆粉碎还田机普遍适用于玉米秸秆、皇竹草及其他青贮、黄贮作物的收获，操作灵活，能一次完成对青贮、黄贮作物的收割、粉碎、揉搓、装箱缷草。
 
　　◇根茬粉碎还田机
 
　　根茬粉碎还田机也叫灭茬还田机，主要应用于玉米作物，是在有深耕基础的地块，充分利用深耕后效，在不进行耕翻的年份，利用根茬粉碎还田机将站立在垄上的根茬直接粉碎，并均匀混拌在耕层中，一次性完成灭茬、碎土作业。一般适用于要求埋青、秸秆还田或在大中型联合收割机作业后的玉米高留茬的条件下作业。
 
　　◇深松整地联合作业机
 
　　作为保护性耕作体系中的一个重要环节，深松整地联合作业的质量对保护性耕作整体作业效果有着较大的影响。深松整地联合作业机可一次能完成灭茬、深松、碎土及镇压等联合作业。机械化深松可以打破犁底层，使生土熟化，改善土壤透气性，提高抗旱保墒能力，有效降低水土流失，促进作物根系生长和土壤中微生物的繁衍
 
　　◇圆盘耙
 
　　圆盘耙是机械化保护性耕作主要的重要产品之一。通过浅耕和灭茬，圆盘耙可以减少水土流失，培肥地力、保护环境和资源。在秸秆粉碎后，用圆盘耙可以处理残茬和覆盖物，主要应用于大型平原农场。
 
　　◇喷杆式喷雾机
 
　　过量的农药使用不但使得土壤板结、酸化、残留农药毒性，也使病虫抗药性上升，对于农作物病虫害防治极为不利。精准施药技术及机械是解决以上问题的手段，其核心技术特点是获取农田小区域病虫草害信息，并根据其差异性采取变量施药技术。近年来，我国提高了自走式喷雾机喷杆的精准施药水平，喷杆式喷雾机实施定位、定量、定时喷药，为保护性耕作农艺措施的具体实施提供了有力的技术保障。
 
　　◇植保无人机
 
　　说起病虫害防治，我们就不得不提植保无人机。在智慧农业迅速发展的今天，其已成为现代农业发展的重要代表之一。大疆农业、极飞科技、启飞智能……众多植保无人机企业加入市场角逐，不断加码科技投入，致力于提升关键技术，杜绝“跑、冒、滴、漏”现象，实现植保作业“高、精、准”。植保无人机可在喷洒作业前将农田里农作物的GPS信息实时采集，并预设好航线，输入到地面站的内部控制系统中，自主完成喷洒作业。
 
　　具体的保护性耕作利器推荐，请继续关注农机网！

上一篇： @广大农民朋友：你还在当“旧版”农民吗？这里有一份“升级攻略”请收好！

下一篇：线上销售、线上直播……今年“线上农机”很流行

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