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《2019农业农村10项新装备》之种植、农产品初加工设备新成果

2019-12-11 16:47:33 来源：农机网原创 阅读量：54005 评论

导读：当前，我国农业行业正处于转型升级的关键时期，进一步推动农机装备产业向高质量发展转型，农业机械化向全程全面高质高效升级。即，从粮食作物机械化向经济作物拓展，从种植业机械化向畜牧养殖业、水产养殖业、设施农业、农产品初加工业机械化延伸，从平原地区机械化向丘陵山区机械化进军。

　　【农机网 科技创新】当前，我国农业行业正处于转型升级的关键时期，进一步推动农机装备产业向高质量发展转型，农业机械化向全程全面高质高效升级。即，从粮食作物机械化向经济作物拓展，从种植业机械化向畜牧养殖业、水产养殖业、设施农业、农产品初加工业机械化延伸，从平原地区机械化向丘陵山区机械化进军。
 
　　在上期文章《关注<2019农业农村10项新装备>之养殖装备新成果》中，农机网介绍了家禽、水产养殖领域的三款智能化装备：鸡个体生产性能信息、采集智能装备、南极磷虾脱壳设备以及鱿鱼高效节能钓捕装备。本期将围绕“装备涵盖经济作物、农产品初加工业”相关设备展开话题。
 
　　广适低损油菜分段/联合收获技术与装备
 
　　广适、低损、高效、高品质收获
 
　　国家高度重视油菜生产机械化发展，2010年、2018年分别发布的《关于促进农业机械化和农机工业又好又快发展的意见》《国务院关于加快推进农业机械化和农机装备产业转型升级的指导意见》，都对油菜种植、收获机化发展提出目标要求。
 
　　近年来，通过国家重点研发计划“智能农机装备”专项，支持油菜生产关键装备和技术研究，并建设了油菜全程机械化科研基地。农业农村部在2016年还成立了油菜全程机械化专家指导组，每年均召开工作推进会，农机农艺专家协同研究提出突破瓶颈难题的方向性思路，引导机具和技术改进。
 
　　油菜机械化联合收获技术和油菜机械化分段收获技术均是2019年农业主推技术。油菜机械化联合收获是指在油菜完熟期通过联合收割机一次性完成切割、脱粒、清选等作业环节的收获方式，该技术收获作业过程简捷，高效，对田块与规模适应性强。油菜机械化分段收获技术则是在油菜80%成熟度时先用割晒机将油菜割倒，晾晒3～6天后用捡拾脱粒机进行捡拾、脱粒。分段收获的籽粒含水率低，便于保存，秸秆含水率低便于粉碎还田，对高产，植株高大油菜分段收获优势更加明显。
 
　　广适低损油菜分段/联合收获技术与装备由农业农村部南京农业机械化研究所研发，创新分段与联合转换的收货方式，创制1个通用底盘与4种割台组成的成套收获装备，实现了广适、低损、高效、高品质收获。
 
　　全自动辣椒除柄设备
 
　　解决机械化除柄世界性难题
 
　　辣椒是世界上仅次于豆类、番茄的第3大蔬菜作物，中国作为世界上主要辣椒生产国和消费国，种植面积庞大。其中，朝天椒、长圆锥椒和线椒需要除柄处理，而这也几乎涵盖了需要加工的所有品类。据资料统计，从辣椒用途分析，辣椒产量的40%左右需要去柄处理，市场空间巨大。
 
　　目前，辣椒收获后都是带柄的，而在辣椒深加工过程中则多数需要去除辣椒柄。传统去柄方式是靠人工用剪刀剪切完成，耗时费力、效率低下，且对操作者职业危害明显，专业设备需求迫切。
 
　　青岛璐璐农业装备股份有限公司研发的全自动辣椒除柄设备有效解决了辣椒机械化除柄世界难题，解决了劳动力，减轻了对工人的伤害，显著提高了辣椒干的品质。
 
　　多垄多行花生播种联合作业装备
 
　　一次作业完成多项农艺需求
 
　　据农业农村部消息，我国花生常年种植面积约7000万亩，占17.6%，总产量约1650万吨，占37%，种植面积和产量均位于世界前列。随着我国农业供给侧结构性改革的持续推进，花生种植面积预计将出现较大幅度的增加。目前，花生生产机械化水平还不高，特别是播种和收获两个环节处在较低水平。据测算，2018年花生机械化播种、收获水平分别不到50%和40%，仍有较大的提升空间。
 
　　多垄多行花生联合播种技术同样是2019年农业主推技术之一，该技术可一次完成多垄多行花生精量播种和施肥等作业，具有功能多、效率高、播种精度高、播深一致、便于田间转移等特点，解决了目前市场上花生播种机效率低、漏播率高、破损率大、出苗率低等问题。
 
　　青岛农业大学自主研发的多垄多行花生播种联合作业装备可一次作业完成花生多垄多行覆膜种植中的筑垄、施肥、播种、覆土、喷药、展膜、压膜、膜上筑土、滴灌带铺设等农艺需求，播种效率高，工作稳定，性能可靠。
 
　　便携式花生加工品质速测仪
 
　　实现加工品质指标高通量、快速无损检测
 
　　我国是世界上主要的花生生产、贸易及加工国，具有明显竞争优势。但由于长期以来忽视原料特性与品质评价技术研究，导致花生加工专用原料品种缺乏，严重制约了花生加工业健康发展。
 
　　据了解，中国农科院农产品加工研究所研发的便携式花生加工品质速测仪主要针对花生加工品质指标传统化学检测方法价格昂贵、分析速度慢，现有近红外台式机不易携带等问题，基于花生品质基础数据，攻克了有效光谱提取技术难点，精准设计了单位配件和样品杯，突破了多项技术难点，实现了加工品质指标高通量、快速无损检测。
 
　　深施型液态施肥机
 
　　液态肥精准穴深施、节本增效
 
　　东北农业大学研发的深施型液态施肥机根据作物根区需肥与穴深施迫切要求，突破多项技术难点，研发了系列配套装备，实现了液态肥精准穴深施和节本增效的目标。
 
　　创造间歇精准调控穴施技术，发明了与扎穴机构同步运转的系列分配器，攻克了精准调控扎穴机构入土喷肥、出土停喷的技术难点；同步正反旋转差动技术，发明系列液态肥肥路转换器，解决了输肥管路缠绕问题，提高了匹配穴施效率；氮磷钾液态肥料混合排施控制系统，攻克了多维度空间土层液肥精准施用的难题；提出了多线路CAN肥路自动诊断技术，发明了变量施肥控制和输肥管路堵塞无线监测系统，解决了变量精准施肥与肥路信息及时反馈调控的难题。

上一篇： 促进农机农艺结合、推进甘蔗生产机械化：广西发布《糖料蔗生产宽行距机械化种植技术模式指导意见

下一篇：关注《2019农业农村10项新装备》之养殖装备新成果

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